I am really grinding my teeth here because I can not figure out what is exactly what causes my "problem".
There are the following pieces to be found in two very different parts of my document:
example 1
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[...]übergeordneten System (z.B. Leitrechner).
Die zuvor [...]
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[...]
vereinfachte Beschreibung der Kinematik.
Somit kann auf eine Symbolik [...]
What could cause the extra vertical space?

Is it automatically generated due to LaTeX's computations? I've never ran into this issue before, I always had it like it looks in the first picture I posted. I guess then it must be LaTeX's own doing or a command in between I must have missed. But then again, later on in the document, some paragrphings look just like the first example.
How can I avoid the differenty vertical spacings?
I have to admit, it's not my real own file, I had to convert from Word to LaTeX, whcih is fine, but it includes a lot of graphics and tables so it is not the ideal document for LaTeX. Furthermore, they have to be hard-coded and can't be included via float-environments.