Hi,
I have been searching the forum if there is any similar post, but I didn't quite
find what I was searching for. Well my problem is that the hyphenation does not
seem right, for example it hyphenates "empirically" like that: "empir-ically"
I'm not a native speaker but this seems very odd to me. Also I'd like to used hyphenation rules for uk english, I don't quite know if and how I have to integrate
that into my tex document.
I'm using TexLive on a Ubuntu box and Kile ans an editor. I have stalled the texlive-lang-ukenglish package.
Thanks for any help!!!
Rick
General ⇒ Wrong hyphenation
NEW: TikZ book now 40% off at Amazon.com for a short time.
And: Currently, Packt sells ebooks for $4.99 each if you buy 5 of their over 1000 ebooks. If you choose only a single one, $9.99. How about combining 3 LaTeX books with Python, gnuplot, mathplotlib, Matlab, ChatGPT or other AI books? Epub and PDF. Bundle (3 books, add more for higher discount): https://packt.link/MDH5p
Re: Wrong hyphenation
"empir-ically" seems like fine hyphenation to me, See the breakdown of "empirical" in The Merriam-Webster dictionary:
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/empirically
(I'm a native speaker of American English, so take that with however many grains of salt you think necessary.)
Are there other strange examples?
You can of course override the settings for individual words using \- or the \hyphenation command.
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/empirically
(I'm a native speaker of American English, so take that with however many grains of salt you think necessary.)
Are there other strange examples?
You can of course override the settings for individual words using \- or the \hyphenation command.
Re: Wrong hyphenation
Thanks for the answer!
Well The Merriam-Webster dictionary does not say anything about hyphenations the hyphens there are just to illustrate pronunciation. I asked now several British English native speakers and they all tell me to hyphen it
"empiri - cally"
I seriously need to hyphenate it the British way because its a PhD thesis for a
British University which I have to submit in 2 weeks!
How can I get Latex to hyphenate it according to British rules? Its not only about
this single word its a 256 pages document who knows what else is hyphened the in
American English.
Im really greatful for any help!
Rick
Well The Merriam-Webster dictionary does not say anything about hyphenations the hyphens there are just to illustrate pronunciation. I asked now several British English native speakers and they all tell me to hyphen it
"empiri - cally"
I seriously need to hyphenate it the British way because its a PhD thesis for a
British University which I have to submit in 2 weeks!
How can I get Latex to hyphenate it according to British rules? Its not only about
this single word its a 256 pages document who knows what else is hyphened the in
American English.
Im really greatful for any help!
Rick
Wrong hyphenation
Putting:
\usepackage[UKenglish]{babel}
in your preamble should do it. For more fine-grained control see the documentation of the Babel package.
Oh, and I know that the Webster site shows the pronunciation, but in the US, that's how we do it. Hence my grains of salt. I think in the UK, they tend to go more by etymology, though I still don't see what the difference is between "empir-ical" and "empiri-cal".
\usepackage[UKenglish]{babel}
in your preamble should do it. For more fine-grained control see the documentation of the Babel package.
Oh, and I know that the Webster site shows the pronunciation, but in the US, that's how we do it. Hence my grains of salt. I think in the UK, they tend to go more by etymology, though I still don't see what the difference is between "empir-ical" and "empiri-cal".
Wrong hyphenation
Thanks for your help!
Well I have included
\usepackage[UKenglish]{babel}
and get now the following output with a lot of errors that were not there before.
Until the line with the overfull hbox everything is fine from then the the errors are new since I included the statement above in the preamble.
And this is the concerning code in line 6 where the errors are supposed to be.
It looks like something is wrong my citations but it works fine whenever I delete
the \usepackage[UKenglish]{babel} statement.
Best Regards
Rick
Well I have included
\usepackage[UKenglish]{babel}
and get now the following output with a lot of errors that were not there before.
Until the line with the overfull hbox everything is fine from then the the errors are new since I included the statement above in the preamble.
Code: Select all
[PDFLaTeX] phdthesis.tex => phdthesis.pdf (pdflatex)
[PDFLaTeX] finished with exit status 1
phdthesis.tex:0: Label `' multiply defined.
phdthesis.tex:0: Label `' multiply defined.
phdthesis.tex:0: Label `' multiply defined.
/home/stahlf/ThesisLatex/phdthesis.lof:48:Overfull \hbox (0.42122pt too wide) in paragraph
phdthesis.tex:6:Illegal parameter number in definition of \B@my@dummy. ... intermediate form of a decision tree \cite
phdthesis.tex:6:Illegal parameter number in definition of \B@my@dummy. ... intermediate form of a decision tree \cite
phdthesis.tex:6:Illegal parameter number in definition of \B@my@dummy. ... intermediate form of a decision tree \cite
phdthesis.tex:6:Illegal parameter number in definition of \B@my@dummy. ... intermediate form of a decision tree \cite
phdthesis.tex:6:Illegal parameter number in definition of \B@my@dummy. ... intermediate form of a decision tree \cite
phdthesis.tex:6:Illegal parameter number in definition of \B@my@dummy. ... intermediate form of a decision tree \cite
phdthesis.tex:7:Paragraph ended before \@@cite was complete.
phdthesis.tex:8:Illegal parameter number in definition of \B@my@dummy. ...tree generation in a doctoral project \cite
phdthesis.tex:8:Illegal parameter number in definition of \B@my@dummy. ...tree generation in a doctoral project \cite
phdthesis.tex:8:Illegal parameter number in definition of \B@my@dummy. ...tree generation in a doctoral project \cite
phdthesis.tex:8:Illegal parameter number in definition of \B@my@dummy. ...tree generation in a doctoral project \cite
phdthesis.tex:8:Illegal parameter number in definition of \B@my@dummy. ...tree generation in a doctoral project \cite
phdthesis.tex:8:Illegal parameter number in definition of \B@my@dummy. ...tree generation in a doctoral project \cite
phdthesis.tex:9:Paragraph ended before \@@cite was complete.
phdthesis.tex:11:Paragraph ended before \@@cite was complete.
phdthesis.tex:14:Missing \endcsname inserted. \section
phdthesis.tex:14:Missing \endcsname inserted. \section
phdthesis.tex:14:Missing \endcsname inserted. \section
phdthesis.tex:14:Missing \endcsname inserted. \section
phdthesis.tex:15:Paragraph ended before \@@cite was complete.
phdthesis.tex:25:Paragraph ended before \@@cite was complete.
phdthesis.tex:28:Illegal parameter number in definition of \B@my@dummy. ...be traced back to at least the 1960s \cite
phdthesis.tex:28:Illegal parameter number in definition of \B@my@dummy. ...be traced back to at least the 1960s \cite
phdthesis.tex:28:Illegal parameter number in definition of \B@my@dummy. ...be traced back to at least the 1960s \cite
phdthesis.tex:28:Illegal parameter number in definition of \B@my@dummy. ...be traced back to at least the 1960s \cite
phdthesis.tex:28:Illegal parameter number in definition of \B@my@dummy. ...be traced back to at least the 1960s \cite
phdthesis.tex:28:Illegal parameter number in definition of \B@my@dummy. ...be traced back to at least the 1960s \cite
phdthesis.tex:29:Paragraph ended before \@@cite was complete.
phdthesis.tex:32:Paragraph ended before \@@cite was complete.
phdthesis.tex:93:Incomplete \iffalse; all text was ignored after line 33. \include{chapter1/chapter1}
phdthesis.tex:94:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter2/chapter2}
phdthesis.tex:94:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter2/chapter2}
phdthesis.tex:94:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter2/chapter2}
phdthesis.tex:94:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter2/chapter2}
phdthesis.tex:95:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter3/chapter3}
phdthesis.tex:95:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter3/chapter3}
phdthesis.tex:95:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter3/chapter3}
phdthesis.tex:95:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter3/chapter3}
phdthesis.tex:96:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter4/chapter4}
phdthesis.tex:96:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter4/chapter4}
phdthesis.tex:96:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter4/chapter4}
phdthesis.tex:96:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter4/chapter4}
phdthesis.tex:97:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter5/chapter5}
phdthesis.tex:97:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter5/chapter5}
phdthesis.tex:97:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter5/chapter5}
phdthesis.tex:97:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter5/chapter5}
phdthesis.tex:98:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter6/chapter6}
phdthesis.tex:98:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter6/chapter6}
phdthesis.tex:98:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter6/chapter6}
phdthesis.tex:98:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter6/chapter6}
phdthesis.tex:99:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter7/chapter7}
phdthesis.tex:99:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter7/chapter7}
phdthesis.tex:99:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter7/chapter7}
phdthesis.tex:99:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter7/chapter7}
phdthesis.tex:100:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter8/chapter8}
phdthesis.tex:100:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter8/chapter8}
phdthesis.tex:100:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter8/chapter8}
phdthesis.tex:100:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter8/chapter8}
phdthesis.tex:101:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter8/test}
phdthesis.tex:101:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter8/test}
phdthesis.tex:101:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter8/test}
phdthesis.tex:101:Undefined control sequence. \include{chapter8/test}
phdthesis.tex:0:No file \jobname .bbl.}}\else \def \reserved@a {\@iffileonpath \ETC
phdthesis.tex:105:Paragraph ended before \@@cite was complete.
phdthesis.tex:109:Undefined control sequence. \include{appendices/appendixA}
phdthesis.tex:109:Undefined control sequence. \include{appendices/appendixA}
phdthesis.tex:109:Undefined control sequence. \include{appendices/appendixA}
phdthesis.tex:109:Undefined control sequence. \include{appendices/appendixA}
phdthesis.tex:110:Undefined control sequence. \include{appendices/appendixB}
phdthesis.tex:110:Undefined control sequence. \include{appendices/appendixB}
phdthesis.tex:110:Undefined control sequence. \include{appendices/appendixB}
phdthesis.tex:110:Undefined control sequence. \include{appendices/appendixB}
phdthesis.tex:119:Argument of \@firstofone has an extra }. \end{document}
phdthesis.tex:0:File ended while scanning use of \@@cite.
[PDFLaTeX] 73 errors, 4 warnings, 1 badbox
It looks like something is wrong my citations but it works fine whenever I delete
the \usepackage[UKenglish]{babel} statement.
Code: Select all
This project is concerned with scaling up data mining algorithms for automatically generating classification rules. With scaling up this work refers to the ability to train a classifier on large training data and still generate the classification rules in a reasonable amount of time. Most rule induction has been for the purpose of classification and the most common approach to this rule generation is via the intermediate form of a decision tree \cite{quinlan_induction_1986}. Although popular, this method suffers from the problem of overfitting and it is generally considered desirable to post-prune the trees in order to remove overfitted terms as far as possible \cite{witten_data_1999}. This seems to be an unnecessarily indirect way to generate rules, especially when there are algorithms that will generate them directly; albeit ones that are less widely known. An important alternative to classification is \textit{Generalised Rule Induction} (GRI), where the right-hand side of each rule can potentially be a conjunction of attribute/value pairs for any combination of categorical (and possibly also continuous) attributes \cite{smyth_information_1992}.
Rick
Re: Wrong hyphenation
It might help to delete all the auxiliary files (*.aux, *.bbl, *.toc, *.out etc.) and start from scratch.
If that doesn't work, I'd try making a minimal document that includes only the packages and document class and a minimal amount of text, and see if you get the same error. If you do, post the offending code here.
If that doesn't work, I'd try making a minimal document that includes only the packages and document class and a minimal amount of text, and see if you get the same error. If you do, post the offending code here.
Wrong hyphenation
Sorry have been sick the past 2 days so couldn't reply.
Well, I have tried your advice and created a small project with little text.
I found out that it hyphenates "empirically" still the American way not the British
one. Well I am starting to believe despite what all the English people over here tell me that you can in fact hyphenate it empir-ically, but it seems odd that everyone is wrong about it.
Also i get compile error in the following case:
execute pdflatex
execute bibtex
execute pdflatex
Well, so far so good. Then when I change something in the text and want to execute pdflatex again I get following error in my command line:
The phdthesis.tex is here:
if I delete all the files created during pdflatex and bibtex I can execute it again without problems. This must surely be something wrong?
Thanks for your help so far anyway I really appreciate it!
Rick
Well, I have tried your advice and created a small project with little text.
I found out that it hyphenates "empirically" still the American way not the British
one. Well I am starting to believe despite what all the English people over here tell me that you can in fact hyphenate it empir-ically, but it seems odd that everyone is wrong about it.
Also i get compile error in the following case:
execute pdflatex
execute bibtex
execute pdflatex
Well, so far so good. Then when I change something in the text and want to execute pdflatex again I get following error in my command line:
Code: Select all
/LatexTest$ pdflatex phdthesis
This is pdfTeXk, Version 3.141592-1.40.3 (Web2C 7.5.6)
%&-line parsing enabled.
entering extended mode
(./phdthesis.tex
LaTeX2e <2005/12/01>
Babel <v3.8h> and hyphenation patterns for english, usenglishmax, dumylang, noh
yphenation, ukenglish, loaded.
(./phdthesis.cls
LaTeX Warning: You have requested document class `phdthesis',
but the document class provides `muthesis'.
Document Class: muthesis 1999/05/26 MU Thesis Class
(./setspace.sty
Package: `setspace' 6.7 <2000/12/01>
) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/base/report.cls
Document Class: report 2005/09/16 v1.4f Standard LaTeX document class
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)))
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/graphics/color.sty
(/etc/texmf/tex/latex/config/color.cfg)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/pdftex-def/pdftex.def))
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsfonts/amsfonts.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsmath/amsmath.sty
For additional information on amsmath, use the `?' option.
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsmath/amstext.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsmath/amsgen.sty))
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsmath/amsbsy.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsmath/amsopn.sty))
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amscls/amsthm.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsfonts/amssymb.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/hyperref/hyperref.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/graphics/keyval.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/hyperref/pd1enc.def)
(/etc/texmf/tex/latex/config/hyperref.cfg)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/oberdiek/kvoptions.sty)
Implicit mode ON; LaTeX internals redefined
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/ltxmisc/url.sty))
*hyperref using default driver hpdftex*
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/hyperref/hpdftex.def)
(/usr/share/texmf/tex/latex/html/html.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/epsf/epsf.sty
This is `epsf.tex' v2.7.3 <23 July 2005>
) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/graphics/epsfig.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/graphics/graphicx.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/graphics/graphics.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/graphics/trig.sty)
(/etc/texmf/tex/latex/config/graphics.cfg))))
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/tools/verbatim.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/apacite/apacite.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/graphics/lscape.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/babel/babel.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/babel/english.ldf
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/babel/babel.def))) (./phdthesis.aux)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/hyperref/nameref.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/oberdiek/refcount.sty)) (./phdthesis.out)
(./phdthesis.out) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/apacite/english.apc)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsfonts/umsa.fd)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsfonts/umsb.fd) [1{/var/lib/texmf/fonts/m
ap/pdftex/updmap/pdftex.map}] (./phdthesis.toc) [2] (./phdthesis.lot) [3]
(./phdthesis.lof) [4] [5]
Overfull \hbox (14.5431pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 62--63
[]\OT1/cmr/m/n/12 sdfsdffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffjklfsdjlkfjsdklfjlksjf
klsjfklsdjflksjflfffffffffff em-pir-i-cally
[6] [7] [8]
LaTeX Warning: Citation `pham_rules:simple_1995' on page 9 undefined on input l
ine 93.
LaTeX Warning: Citation `bramer_information-theoretic_2002' on page 9 undefined
on input line 93.
LaTeX Warning: Citation `smyth_information_1992' on page 9 undefined on input l
ine 93.
(./phdthesis.bbl [9]) [10] (./phdthesis.aux) )
(see the transcript file for additional information)</usr/share/texmf-texlive/f
onts/type1/bluesky/cm/cmbx12.pfb></usr/share/texmf-texlive/fonts/type1/bluesky/
cm/cmcsc10.pfb></usr/share/texmf-texlive/fonts/type1/bluesky/cm/cmr12.pfb></usr
/share/texmf-texlive/fonts/type1/bluesky/cm/cmr17.pfb></usr/share/texmf-texlive
/fonts/type1/bluesky/cm/cmti12.pfb>
Output written on phdthesis.pdf (10 pages, 53836 bytes).
Transcript written on phdthesis.log.
stahlf@PurplePC:~/LatexTest$ pdflatex phdthesis
This is pdfTeXk, Version 3.141592-1.40.3 (Web2C 7.5.6)
%&-line parsing enabled.
entering extended mode
(./phdthesis.tex
LaTeX2e <2005/12/01>
Babel <v3.8h> and hyphenation patterns for english, usenglishmax, dumylang, noh
yphenation, ukenglish, loaded.
(./phdthesis.cls
LaTeX Warning: You have requested document class `phdthesis',
but the document class provides `muthesis'.
Document Class: muthesis 1999/05/26 MU Thesis Class
(./setspace.sty
Package: `setspace' 6.7 <2000/12/01>
) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/base/report.cls
Document Class: report 2005/09/16 v1.4f Standard LaTeX document class
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/base/size12.clo)))
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/graphics/color.sty
(/etc/texmf/tex/latex/config/color.cfg)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/pdftex-def/pdftex.def))
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsfonts/amsfonts.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsmath/amsmath.sty
For additional information on amsmath, use the `?' option.
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsmath/amstext.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsmath/amsgen.sty))
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsmath/amsbsy.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsmath/amsopn.sty))
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amscls/amsthm.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsfonts/amssymb.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/hyperref/hyperref.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/graphics/keyval.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/hyperref/pd1enc.def)
(/etc/texmf/tex/latex/config/hyperref.cfg)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/oberdiek/kvoptions.sty)
Implicit mode ON; LaTeX internals redefined
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/ltxmisc/url.sty))
*hyperref using default driver hpdftex*
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/hyperref/hpdftex.def)
(/usr/share/texmf/tex/latex/html/html.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/epsf/epsf.sty
This is `epsf.tex' v2.7.3 <23 July 2005>
) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/graphics/epsfig.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/graphics/graphicx.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/graphics/graphics.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/graphics/trig.sty)
(/etc/texmf/tex/latex/config/graphics.cfg))))
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/tools/verbatim.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/apacite/apacite.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/graphics/lscape.sty)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/babel/babel.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/babel/english.ldf
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/generic/babel/babel.def))) (./phdthesis.aux)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/hyperref/nameref.sty
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/oberdiek/refcount.sty)) (./phdthesis.out)
(./phdthesis.out) (/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/apacite/english.apc)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsfonts/umsa.fd)
(/usr/share/texmf-texlive/tex/latex/amsfonts/umsb.fd) [1{/var/lib/texmf/fonts/m
ap/pdftex/updmap/pdftex.map}] (./phdthesis.toc) [2] (./phdthesis.lot) [3]
(./phdthesis.lof) [4] [5]
Overfull \hbox (14.5431pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 62--63
[]\OT1/cmr/m/n/12 sdfsdffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffjklfsdjlkfjsdklfjlksjf
klsjfklsdjflksjflfffffffffff em-pir-i-cally
[6] [7] [8]
! Illegal parameter number in definition of \B@my@dummy.
<to be read again>
}
l.93 ...cide when to stop the specialisation \cite
{bramer_information-theore...
? ^C! Interruption.
\cite ->\def \BCAY ##1##
2##3{\BCA {##1}{##2}}\def \citeauthoryear ##1##2##3{...
l.93 ...cide when to stop the specialisation \cite
{bramer_information-theore...
? ^C^C^C
Code: Select all
\documentclass[12pt, PhD, doublespace]{phdthesis}
\usepackage {color, amsfonts, amsmath, amsthm, amssymb}
\usepackage {hyperref, html}
\usepackage {epsf, epsfig}
\usepackage {graphicx}
\usepackage {verbatim}
\usepackage{apacite}
\usepackage{lscape}
\usepackage[UKenglish]{babel}
\begin{document}
\title{Distributed Rule Induction}
\author{Frederic Theodor Stahl}
\dept {School of Computing}
\principaladvisor{Prof. Max Bramer}
% \firstreader{John Green}
\secondsupervisor {Dr. Mo Adda}
\secondreader {Dr. John Rosbottom} %\\(Another Department)}
% Uncomment the line below to suppress the `List of Tables' page (optional)
%\tablespagefalse
\copyrightfalse
% Uncomment the line below to suppress the `List of Figures' page (optional)
%\figurespagefalse
\beforeabstract
\prefacesection{Abstract}
Classification rule induction on large datasets is a major challenge in the field of data mining in a world where massive amounts of data are recorded on a large scale. There are two main approaches to classification rule induction; the 'divide and conquer” approach and the 'separate and conquer” approach. Even though both approaches deliver a comparable classification accuracy, they differ when it comes to rule representation and quality of rules in certain circumstances. There is the intuitive representation of classification rules in the form of a tree when using the 'divide and conquer” approach which is easy to assimilate by humans. However, modular rules induced by the 'separate and conquer” approach generally perform better in environments where the training data of the classifier is noisy or contain clashes. Modular rules are rules that not necessarily fit together naturally in a decision tree, however sometimes the might. Both approaches are challenged by growing and massive amounts of data on which they have to be scaled up to in order to train the classifier. There have been several attempts to scale up the 'divide and conquer” approach, however there is very little work on scaling up the 'separate and conquer” approach. One general approach is to use supercomputers with faster hardware to process these huge amounts of data, yet modest sized organisations may not be able to afford such hardware. However most organisations have local computer workstations that they use for many applications such as word processing or spreadsheets. These computer workstations are usually connected in a local network and mainly used during normal working hours and are usually idle over night and on weekends. During these idle times these computer workstations connected in a network could be used for data mining applications on large datasets. This research focuses on a cheap solution for modest sized organisations that cannot afford fast super computers. For this reason this work aims to utilise the computational power and memory of a network of workstations. In this research a novel framework for scaling up modular classification rule induction is presented, based on a distributed blackboard architecture. The framework is called PMCRI (Parallel Modular Classification Rule Inducer). It provides an underlying communication infrastructure for parallelising a whole family of modular classification rule induction algorithms: the Prism family. Experimental results obtained show a good scale up behaviour on various datasets and thus confirm the success of PMCRI.
sdfsdffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffjklfsdjlkfjsdklfjlksjfklsjfklsdjflksjflfffffffffff empirically
sdfsdffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffjklfsdjlkfjslfjlksjfklsjfklsdjlksjflfgfffgfffdfffff empirically
\afterabstract
% The next part is optional; however it is a good place to thank your
% supervisor and the people responsible for providing computer support ;-)
\prefacesection{Acknowledgements}
I would like to thank my director of studies Prof. Max Bramer and Dr. Mo Adda for their guidance and advice regarding this research.
I must extend my thanks to my parents Maria and Theodor, my brother Thorsten and my girlfriend Natalie for their constant support and encouragement.
I would also like to acknowledge the School of Computing and technical staff for providing essential hardware and network resources used throughout this research project. Here I would like to especially recognise the contributions of Craig Browning and Les Black.
Also I would like the thank the coauthors of the papers published during this project for their permission to use extracts from the papers.
Finally I would like to thank my friends and colleagues who have not been mentioned for their support and ideas.
\afterpreface
\textit{Search heuristics} are a form of statistical measure that are used to select rule terms or conjunctions of rule terms from the candidate rule term set. This is done in order to refine the rule that is currently built by adding the rule term to the initial conjunction of rule terms. There are several types of heuristics involved in the specialisation process. For example the conjunction of rule terms is evaluated, e.g. the rule induced so far and it is determined if a further specialisation is necessary or not. The RULES \cite{pham_rules:simple_1995} system stops the specialisation when the current rule covers examples belonging to a single class, as do members of the Prism family that stop when the rule covers only examples of the target class. A further member of the Prism family uses the J-measure to decide when to stop the specialisation \cite{bramer_information-theoretic_2002}. This is an information theoretic measure introduced by Smyth and Goodman \cite{smyth_information_1992} that aims to quantify the information content of a rule. The J-measure will be explained later in this section. How it is used for pruning in Prism will be explained in Chapter 3.
\bibliographystyle{apacitex}
\bibliography{./phdthesis.bib}
\appendix
% If you need more than one appendix, then just use another \chapter command
%\chapter{Yet Another Appendix}
\end{document}
Thanks for your help so far anyway I really appreciate it!
Rick
Re: Wrong hyphenation
You must have a file phdthesis.cls too. Can you upload it here (as an attachment)?
Where did you get the document class in question? If this file is a template just for your university, you might be better off asking whoever created it.
Where did you get the document class in question? If this file is a template just for your university, you might be better off asking whoever created it.
Re: Wrong hyphenation
Well my university has not official latex template. This template is from elsewhere but has been adapted to my universities format from a lecturer that recently retired. Sorry 
- Attachments
-
- phdthesis.cls
- (17.46 KiB) Downloaded 431 times