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My guess is that there is a font substitution for the slanted Dellta symbol (which is an unusual glyph). I don't get any of that extra space if I just use txfonts, newtxmath, or mathptmx without substituting the main text fonts for something else (as you did in your example).

Not balancing columns is the default behavior.

Does the footbib package do what you are looking to do?

I'm confused as to what you want. Clearly, spreading a brace across a line break makes no sense. Do you want overbraces over both the end of one line and the beginning of the next one (i.e., two separate braces)? If you're trying to get the brace itself to split in an arbitrary location and continue...

The amsmath package wouldn't cause an overfull box. It may have allowed something to break in a different place, but without a , it's not 100% clear why you got a box like that. It probably means your in-line math was too long and overran the margins, and it probably fixed itself when you edited som...

You're using dinat.bst , which is a "Bi­b­li­og­ra­phy style for Ger­man texts"; there is a similar one called "spain.bst" that is for Spanish texts a level or two up in the same CTAN directory tree. One (hack-ish) way is to make a copy of dinat.bst and change the functions at th...

I tinkered around the last day or so to write a (short) package to make an environment that does "automatic" tables with footnotes under them. Some people call these "table notes." It basically stores the width of the table in the .aux file, then on the next run updates the width...

Every class file has options that set the font size; the \ExecuteOptions command sets the defaults. In your case, that line is \ExecuteOptions{a4paper,twoside,10pt,instindent} This implies 10 points. Their advice to use mathptmx (I prefer txfonts , which uses the same body font but does some math sy...

I removed your \setcounter{page}{} commands and moved \pagenumbering{roman} to the preamble; that seems to have fixed it. If that isn't what you wanted, please describe what you want it to look like.

It's not 100% clear what you want, but try this: