LaTeX forum ⇒ Texmaker and TeXstudio ⇒ The top-level auxiliary file found no \bibdata command Topic is solved

[clemencemunich]

Hi guys,

I am in real trouble. I am writing my BA thesis at the moment, and somehow it suddenly won't work anymore!! It was compiling fine all the time, but suddenly BAMM...

I am on a Mac, using Texmaker and BibDesk.

After compiling PDFLatex in Texmaker I get:

Warning line xxx Citation 'XXX' on page X undefined.

After compiling BibTex:

Process started

This is BibTeX, Version 0.99d (TeX Live 2011) The top-level auxiliary file: BA.aux I 
found no \bibdata command---while reading file BA.aux I 
found no \bibstyle command---while reading file BA.aux (There were 2 error messages)

Process exited with error(s)

my bibtex file looks like this:

%% This BibTeX bibliography file was created using BibDesk.
%% http://bibdesk.sourceforge.net/


%% Created for Clemence Chee at 2012-08-16 00:26:12 +0200 


%% Saved with string encoding Unicode (UTF-8) 



@article{VeniceSpringer,
	Author = {Carbogning et. al},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-15 21:47:55 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-15 21:59:39 +0000},
	Journal = {Climate Dynamics Observational, Theoretical and Computational Research on the Climate System},
	Keywords = {Venice Sea Level},
	Title = {Global change and relative sea level rise at Venice: what impact in term of flooding},
	Year = {2009},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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}}

@electronic{Venedig,
	Author = {Pia Heinemann},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-15 21:28:10 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-15 22:17:59 +0000},
	Journal = {Welt Online},
	Keywords = {Welt online Venice},
	Read = {0},
	Title = {Venedig geht unweigerlich in der Lagune unter},
	Urldate = {2012},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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}}

@book{jakowatz,
	Author = {Charles V. Jakowatz Jr.},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-06 18:27:35 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-06 18:31:06 +0000},
	Keywords = {A signal processing approach, Jakowatz},
	Publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	Title = {Spotlight-Mode Synthetic Aperture Radar: A signal processing approach},
	Year = {1996}}

@article{TomoSAR,
	Author = {H.D. Griffiths and C.J.Baker},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-02 13:24:08 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-02 13:25:48 +0000},
	Keywords = {Fundamentals of Tomography and Radar},
	Title = {Fundamentals of Tomography and Radar},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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}}

@phdthesis{Scheiber,
	Address = {Adenauerstr. 6, 82178 Pucheim},
	Author = {Rolf Scheiber},
	Date-Added = {2012-08-02 09:52:07 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-08-02 14:32:30 +0000},
	Institution = {Deutsches Zentrum f{\"u}r Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V.},
	Keywords = {Scheiber},
	Month = {December},
	School = {Universit{\"a}t Fridericiana Karlsruhe (TH)},
	Title = {Hochaufl{\"o}sende Interferometrie f{\"u}r Radar mit synthetischer Apertur},
	Year = {2003}}

@book{RadarUrban,
	Address = {Nienburger Str.1},
	Date-Added = {2012-06-20 11:52:27 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-06-20 11:54:12 +0000},
	Editor = {Uwe Soergel},
	Keywords = {Radar Remote Sensing of Urban Areas Stilla},
	Publisher = {Springer},
	Title = {Radar Remote Sensing of Urban Areas},
	Year = {2010}}

@phdthesis{ZHUphd,
	Author = {Xiaoxiang Zhu},
	Date-Added = {2012-06-20 11:21:20 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-06-20 11:23:24 +0000},
	Keywords = {ZHUPHD},
	School = {Technischen Universit{\"a}t M{\"u}nchen},
	Title = {Very High Resolution Tomographic SAR Inversion for Urban Infrastructure Monitoring - A Sparse and Nonlinear Tour},
	Year = {2011}}

@book{FRadarSP,
	Author = {Mark A. Richards},
	Date-Added = {2012-06-20 11:00:37 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-06-20 11:02:37 +0000},
	Keywords = {Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing},
	Publisher = {McGraw-Hill},
	Title = {Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing},
	Year = {2005}}

@manual{PF4,
	Author = {Dr. Michael Eineder},
	Date-Added = {2012-06-20 10:55:08 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-06-20 10:56:35 +0000},
	Keywords = {Photo Script},
	Organization = {TUM Institut f{\"u}r Methodik der Fernerkundung, Deutsches Zentrum f{\"u}r Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V.},
	Title = {Photogrammetrie und Fernerkundung - Kapitel 6 Satellitenfernerkundung - SAR},
	Year = {2012}}

@inbook{TSX_brosch,
	Address = {Bonn-Oberkassel K{\"o}nigswinterer Stra{\ss}e 522-524 53227 Bonn Germany},
	Date-Added = {2012-06-18 20:20:45 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-06-18 20:28:00 +0000},
	Editor = {Dr. Niklas Reinke, Rolf Werninghaus},
	Journal = {Mission brochure},
	Keywords = {TSX_brosch},
	Month = {July},
	Publisher = {Deutsches Zentrum f{\"u}r Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V.},
	Title = {TerraSAR-X The German Radar Eye in Space},
	Year = {2009},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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}}

@webpage{TerraSARX,
	Author = {DLR},
	Date-Added = {2012-06-18 20:03:49 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-06-18 20:05:05 +0000},
	Keywords = {TerraSARX},
	Lastchecked = {18.06.2012},
	Title = {TerraSAR-X},
	Url = {http://www.dlr.de/eoc/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-5510/9226_read-17763/},
	Urldate = {2012},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.dlr.de/eoc/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-5510/9226_read-17763/}}

@manual{ESAR,
	Address = {Linder H{\"o}he 51147 K{\"o}ln},
	Annote = {Ralf Horn},
	Author = {DLR, Ralf Horn},
	Date-Added = {2012-06-18 19:54:39 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-06-18 20:17:32 +0000},
	Howpublished = {Data Sheet},
	Keywords = {E-SAR},
	Organization = {Deutsches Zentrum f{\"u}r Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V.},
	Pages = {2},
	Title = {E-SAR The Experimental airborne SAR System of DLR},
	Year = {2012},
	Bdsk-File-1 = {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}}

@book{Carrara,
	Address = {685 Canton Street},
	Author = {W.G. Carrara, R.S. Goodman, R. M. Majewski},
	Date-Added = {2012-06-18 19:42:52 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-06-18 19:46:25 +0000},
	Keywords = {Spotlight SAR Signal Processing Algorithms},
	Publisher = {Artech House},
	Title = {Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar},
	Year = {1995}}

@url{DLR,
	Abstract = {Terra SAR DLR },
	Annote = {Terra SAR - X - Beschreibung vom DLR },
	Author = {DLR},
	Date-Added = {2012-06-15 10:55:05 +0000},
	Date-Modified = {2012-06-18 20:00:49 +0000},
	Keywords = {DLR},
	Lastchecked = {13.05.2012},
	Month = {03},
	Read = {0},
	Rss-Description = {Terra SAR DLR },
	Title = {TerraSAR-X - Deutschlands Radar-Auge im All},
	Url = {http://www.dlr.de/eo/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-5725/9296_read-15979/},
	Urldate = {2012},
	Year = {2010},
	Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.dlr.de/eo/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-5725/9296_read-15979/}}

and my document looks like this:

\documentclass[12pt,a4paper,twoside]{article}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{graphicx}

%Von mir:
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} %Umlaute
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[german]{babel}
\usepackage{fixltx2e}
%von mir ende

\setlength{\voffset}{-28.4mm}
\setlength{\hoffset}{-1in}
\setlength{\topmargin}{20mm}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{25mm}
\setlength{\evensidemargin}{25mm}
\setlength{\textwidth}{160mm}

\setlength{\parindent}{0pt}

\setlength{\textheight}{235mm}
\setlength{\footskip}{20mm}
\setlength{\headsep}{50pt}
\setlength{\headheight}{0pt}



\begin{document}

XXXX


\newpage
\appendix
\bibliographystyle{ieeetr}
%\bibliographystyle{plain}
\bibliography{Biblio}

\end{document}

I already searched the whole internet for the last two hours but nothing just worked.

I deleted the .aux file.
I tried to set up a plain file and a new bibliography.

I don't know what to do please help.

[josephwright]

Absolutely no issues here. I would try making a new file containing your example, and running LaTeX followed by BibTeX on that file. You can then post the log files matching your run and we can see exactly what is happening.

[clemencemunich]

Thank you for the answer...
That is somehow weird, I guess.

I had a Test file (named test.tex) and also copied everything in a new BA_version2.tex etc.
And it just did not wanted to work. So since it was in the middle of the night, I just let it go and hoped to get answers today.
However, somehow it works now... It was making me crazy.

Thank you moderator for the visualizing of my question.

This can be closed =)

[manojpamk]

I just reproduced the exact same problem, and believe that I have found the solution. You had placed the \bibliogrpahy and \bibiographystyle commands after \end{document} by mistake.
And the next time you tried, it was corrected without you realising it.

Hoping that this post will help future visitors with the same issue

[bodine483]

Although this is an old issue, just in case there's someone who like me encountered the same problem and couldn't find a solution anywhere: I encountered the same problem and fixed it by creating my own .bbl-file (in command line) and copying all of the bibitems including \begin{thebibliograhy}{9} and \end{thebibliography} into it. Just don't run bibtex again; online pdfLaTeX (and MakeIndex if necessary).

[newlatexer]

I faced with it too, so, the problem was with compiler in Tex:

you should use \usepackage[backend=bibtex,bibencoding=ascii]
{biblatex}, not biber as backend