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Thank you very much for your help and thank you very much for that advice of Ulrike Fisher.

I indeed have had a pdflatex.fmt file in the local .texlive2016 tree that wasn't affected by the fmtutil-sys command of the installer and had to manually execute fmtutil --no-strict --byengine=pdftex to ...

Now I invoked pdflatex directly and the hyphenation problem still persists.

Johannes_B wrote:The log looks fine. Try the example from the very top once more and include the log file of that run.

Here's the log file of that latex invocation.

Johannes_B wrote: And what does the log file of that run say? Please attach pdflatex.log

I've attached that file. I hope it contains some valuable information.

I am not sure which meta-package includes the german hyphenation rules. Is there a particular reason for using a minimal scheme? The default is full since disc space is cheap, and many people have trouble with installing needed packages over and over again.
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Shouldn't be all language ...

Hello,

I think there is something wrong going on in the installation process. I did a fresh installation using an "install-tl" script downloaded just a week ago, picked a "small" installation scheme and selected the following additional collections: Recommended fonts (f), German (y), and LaTeX ...